SafetyNet Journal

MASSACHUSETTS RIDESHARE DRIVERS UNION MAKES U.S. HISTORY

Posted on 3 June 2026

Massachusetts rideshare drivers made labour history last week by forming the first officially recognised rideshare union in the United States. Almost 70,000 rideshare drivers in...

$1.1M FINE FOR CLEANAWAY AFTER 10 YEAR BATTLE

Posted on 3 June 2026

Waste management company Cleanaway has been fined a record $1.1 million for two category-2 breaches of federal work safety laws relating to an Adelaide truck...

ELECTROCUTION CASE APPEAL RESULTS IN SIX-FOLD FINE INCREASE

Posted on 3 June 2026

An appeal of the 2025 sentencing of AAD Civil Construction Pty Ltd following an electrocution incident has seen their fine increased six-fold and a conviction...

$190K FINE AND ADVERSE PUBLICITY ORDER FOR ABILITY WORKS FATALITY

Posted on 3 June 2026

An organisation employing people with a disability has been sentenced to a $190,000 fine and an adverse publicity order after a worker with mobility and...

WORKSAFE TO TARGET DANDENONG MANUFACTURING IN BID TO REDUCE INJURIES

Posted on 3 June 2026

WorkSafe is placing Victoria’s manufacturing capital in the safety spotlight as data reveals that one in ten fatalities and work-related injuries in the industry happen...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 3 June 2026

Hi Renata – I’ve just learned that a WorkSafe inspector visited my warehouse and didn’t speak with any of the HSRs. How do we find...

NEW HSR TOOL PREVENTION PLANS FOR PSYCHOSOCIAL HAZARDS

Posted on 3 June 2026

VTHC’s new prevention plan for psychosocial hazards is designed to make consultation a non-negotiable and at the heart of every step of the risk management...

DRAWING THE LINE: HEALTHY BOUNDARIES FOR HYBRID WORKERS

Posted on 27 May 2026

Hybrid work is rapidly reshaping modern employment across the world, with an estimated 44 million workers across Europe now dividing their work time between home...

BATHROOM WHOLESALER BREACHED ENGINEERED STONE BENCHTOP BAN

Posted on 27 May 2026

A bathroom product wholesaler has been sentenced to a small fine for breaching the Australian ban on the manufacture, supply, processing or installation of engineered...

WORKSAFE CHARGES LATROBE HOSPITAL AFTER NURSE ASSAULTED BY VIOLENT PATIENT

Posted on 27 May 2026

WorkSafe has charged Latrobe Regional Health with failing to provide a safe workplace after a nurse was seriously injured by a patient with a history...

WORKSAFE CHARGES RECYCLING COMPANY FOR 2024 WORKPLACE FATALITY

Posted on 27 May 2026

ECO1 Recycling Centre Pty Ltd in Broadmeadows has this week been formally charged by WorkSafe in response to the work- related death of an employee...

SAFETY ALERT ISSUED AFTER WORKER TRAPPED OVERNIGHT IN PILING HOLE

Posted on 27 May 2026

WorkSafe has issued a Safety Alert warning employers and self-employed persons about the risks of falling into piling holes.

ASK RENATA

Posted on 27 May 2026

Hi Renata – We work in a manufacturing facility. Can we ask our employer to add seating so that we don’t have to stand up...

AFL CONCUSSION SUPPORT CUT MONTHS AFTER LANDMARK INJURY FUND EXPANSION

Posted on 27 May 2026

Less than a year after the Australian Football League and the AFL Players Association unveiled a landmark expansion of support for injured former players, significant...

RISING TEMPERATURES LOWER SAFETY OUTCOMES: STUDY LINKS CONSTRUCTION FALLS AND HEAT

Posted on 20 May 2026

It has been long accepted that high temperatures, whether 'seasonal' or part of the 'normal work environment', can be a hazard - working in heat...

FIRST FAIR WORK SEXUAL HARASSMENT CASES HEARD

Posted on 20 May 2026

Reforms to the Fair Work Act in 2023 explicitly prohibiting workplace sexual harassment are beginning to show results, with two recent cases highlighting how the...

MAKMUR’S SIXTH FINE TAKES TOTAL TO $525K – EMPLOYEES PAY THE PRICE

Posted on 20 May 2026

A Richmond frozen food manufacturer with whom regular SafetyNet readers will be well familiar has been sentenced to a fine of $180,000 with conviction after...

WORKSAFE GUIDANCE – ASBESTOS IN SOIL

Posted on 20 May 2026

WorkSafe have updated their guidance on what to do if you find asbestos in soil. The guidance is directed at people with management or control...

AUSTRALIAN STANDARDS REFERENCED IN OHS LAW TO BE FREE

Posted on 20 May 2026

In a major win for safety stakeholders last week’s budget confirmed that the Australian Government has committed to funding free public access to all mandatory Australian Standards...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 20 May 2026

Hi Renata – My boss is bullying me at work. What are my rights and what can I do about it? Psychosocial hazards such as...

INCOLINK LAUNCHES UPDATED CONSTRUCTION SAFETY HANDBOOK

Posted on 20 May 2026

Earlier this month Incolink launched their latest Victorian Safety Handbook. The Incolink Health and Safety Handbook for the Building and Construction Industry is an initiative...

VAU CONDEMNS ASSAULT OF PREGNANT PARAMEDIC

Posted on 13 May 2026

The Victorian Ambulance Union (VAU), for the second week running, is pleading with the community to treat paramedics and first responders with dignity and respect...

GOOD BEHAVIOUR BOND FOR FAILING TO PRESERVE INCIDENT SITE

Posted on 13 May 2026

Forte Group Pty Ltd, a multi-million-dollar Melbourne property builder and developer, have avoided a fine after the site of a serious incident on one of...

MULTIPLE WORKSAFE VISITS FAIL TO CHANGE EMPLOYER BEHAVIOUR

Posted on 13 May 2026

Another solar panel installation company has been fined for placing their workers at risk of a fall from heights. Electrical Masters Pty Ltd were subcontracted...

PRINCIPAL CONTRACTOR FINED FOR SUBCONTRACTOR WORK EXPERIENCE FALL

Posted on 13 May 2026

Bowitt Group Pty Ltd was the principal contractor engaged to conduct roofing works at the Highett Neighbourhood Community House (Highett NCH), including the removal of...

HAVE YOUR SAY ON THE DRAFT CODE OF CLAIMANTS RIGHTS

Posted on 13 May 2026

WorkSafe Victoria is requesting input on the draft Code of claimants' rights designed to safeguard and enhance the experience of those using the state’s workers’...

CORONER FINDS THE GOOD GUYS FAILED BULLIED EMPLOYEE IN SUICIDE CASE

Posted on 13 May 2026

A coronial inquest into the death of Natasha Stojkoski has found that she was bullied over her performance when she returned to work after sustaining...

ROYAL MELBOURNE HOSPITAL CHARGED AFTER PATIENT DEATH

Posted on 13 May 2026

WorkSafe has charged the Melbourne Health under the OHS Act after a Royal Melbourne Hospital patient took their own life after being admitted to the...

NEW GUIDANCE ON SAFE USE OF HYDROGEN-FUELLED GENERATORS

Posted on 13 May 2026

WorkSafe has published new guidance for the safe use of above-ground hydrogen-fuelled generators, which are used as an alternative to diesel-powered generators, either as stand-alone...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 13 May 2026

Hi Renata – My employer refuses to update the OHS noticeboard to reflect the current first aiders and fire wardens despite the issue being raised...

$12K FINE FOR PLACING 1ST YEAR APPRENTICE AT RISK OF SERIOUS INJURY OR DEATH

Posted on 6 May 2026

Amazing Homes Pty Ltd was the principal contractor in the construction of two residential townhouses in Highett for which it engaged BNA Constructions Pty Ltd...

CONSTRUCTION COMPANY FINED $50K FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN AND SAFE WORK METHOD STATEMENT FAILURES

Posted on 6 May 2026

Montdami Constructions Pty Ltd is a civil construction business that had completed civil construction works as part of developing a parcel named ‘Trilogy Place’ in...

GARDS TO BUILD ASBESTOS MEMORIAL IN LATROBE VALLEY

Posted on 6 May 2026

The Asbestos Council of Victoria (ACV/GARDS) have proposed to erect a memorial sculpture and mural at the Moe Botanic Gardens to commemorate the workers who...

WORKSAFE HSR NEWS - LADDER SAFETY AND COLD WEATHER SAFETY

Posted on 6 May 2026

This months’ WorkSafe HSR News looks at using portable ladders and the impact cold weather has on safety.

SWA SEEKING FEEDBACK ON WORKPLACE QUAD BIKE SAFETY

Posted on 6 May 2026

245 people have died in quad bike related incidents in Australia since 2011. The majority of fatalities were the result of a collision or rollover,...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 6 May 2026

Hi Renata – Several of my DWG members have complained to me about a member of our team who wears way too much perfume and...

PARAMEDIC STABBING REVEALS LEGISLATIVE LOOPHOLE – UNION URGES GOVT TO ACT

Posted on 6 May 2026

Last Thursday morning a MICA Paramedic was stabbed in the neck and face in Reservoir outside a café on Broadway. Reports indicate that a bystander...

CLEANAWAY WASTE MANAGEMENT – EIGHT DEATHS IN LESS THAN FOUR YEARS

Posted on 6 May 2026

Eight tragic and preventable deaths since mid-2022 around Australia, with five of those deaths in just the last two years, are not just bad luck....

INCONSISTENT COMPANY VALUES HARM “TRUE BELIEVERS”

Posted on 29 April 2026

Research from Sydney’s University of NSW shows that employees who truly believe in the stated values and mission of their organisation are at higher risk...

SAFETY SOAPBOX: CONTRUCTION AND UTILITIES INDUSTRY NEWSLETTER

Posted on 29 April 2026

In the latest edition of the Safety Soapbox: Construction and Utilities industry newsletter WorkSafe reports that in March alone the Victorian construction industry has reported...

SAFETY ALERT: ELECTRICAL ARC – WORKING NEAR POWER LINES

Posted on 29 April 2026

Following the fatal electrocution of a worker while installing an automatic irrigation monitoring system, WorkSafe is issuing a reminder to employers and self-employed persons of...

HELP SHAPE GUIDANCE FOR SAFER LITHIUM-ION BATTERY MANAGEMENT

Posted on 29 April 2026

As the number of lithium-ion batteries in Australia grows, and as those batteries age, we face a growing risk to people, environment and infrastructure through...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 29 April 2026

Hi Renata – Our employer doesn’t follow any of the rules around forklifts. We have old forklifts with no lights or beepers, everyone is asked...

STRONG MESSAGE TO COMMEMORATE FALLEN WORKERS ON IWMD

Posted on 29 April 2026

In a moving ceremony on the morning of Tuesday 28th April a large group gathered at Argyle Square in Carlton to acknowledge the workers who...

ITUC IWMD WEBINAR – PSYCHOSOCIAL RISKS AT WORK: ORGANISING FOR WORKERS’ HEALTH AND SAFETY

Posted on 22 April 2026

In commemoration of International Workers’ Memorial Day (IWMD) on 28 April 2026, ITUC-Asia Pacific, with support from FES Philippines, warmly invites all affiliates to join...

COMPANY FAILS TO REPORT SERIOUS INJURY CAUSED BY PRANK BEHAVIOUR

Posted on 22 April 2026

JCP Group Pty Ltd (trading as Great Aussie Caravans) is a caravan manufacturer with a workplace in Campbellfield. JCP has been sentenced to total fines...

EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER FINED $50,000 AFTER EXPLOSION LED TO AMPUTATION

Posted on 22 April 2026

Berry Brothers Engineering Pty Ltd (BBE) provides manufacturing and maintenance services in Queensland and Victoria. At their Victorian site in Drouin, they manufacture spreaders, side...

COMCARE INVESTIGATES NAB FOLLOWING TWO WORKER DEATHS

Posted on 22 April 2026

Comcare has confirmed that it is investigating the circumstances leading to two separate suicide incidents involving employees of the National Australia Bank (NAB). Both events...

COMPARE THE PAIR – SENTENCING OF OHS OFFENCES IN DIFFERENT JURISDICTIONS

Posted on 22 April 2026

Last week SafetyNet reported on Victorian Metal Traders and the $35,000 fine it received after an employee was seriously injured by a forklift in their...

CREATING A PSYCHOLOGICALLY HEALTHY AND SAFE WORKPLACE

Posted on 22 April 2026

With the new Psychological Health Regulations in place, it's a great time to check your business practices to ensure your workplace is safe for the...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 22 April 2026

Hi Renata – Members of my DWG are suffering migraines because of the fluorescent lighting in our offices. My manager is refusing to listen. What...

GEELONG REFINERY FIRE – AWU CONGRATULATES MEMBERS FOR THEIR SAFE ACTIONS AND RESPONSE

Posted on 22 April 2026

A major fire broke out late last Wednesday night at Viva Energy's Geelong oil refinery, with flames reaching approximately 30m high. Following the fire Australian...

POOR WORKPLACE CULTURE STARTS AT THE TOP

Posted on 15 April 2026

In news that will not surprise SafetyNet readers, researchers at the Adelaide University have confirmed that the values and priorities of senior management in relation...

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN FAILURE LEADS TO EMPLOYEE RUN OVER BY FORKLIFT

Posted on 15 April 2026

A family-owned scrap metal business has been sentenced to a fine of $35,000 after an employee was seriously injured in a forklift incident in 2021.

WORKING AT HEIGHTS PROSECUTIONS DOUBLED IN 2025

Posted on 15 April 2026

Employers placing workers at risk of a fall from heights continue to be under the spotlight, with WorkSafe charging 67 employers over falls in 2025...

WICC SEEKING EXPRESSIONS OF INTEREST

Posted on 15 April 2026

The Victorian Government is seeking expressions of interest from Victorians who have been affected by a workplace incident involving death, serious injury or illness to...

MOST SIGNIFICANT DANGEROUS GOODS LEGISLATIVE CHANGE IN 40 YEARS

Posted on 15 April 2026

In the most significant change to Victoria's dangerous goods framework in more than 40 years, State Minister for WorkSafe and the TAC, Ben Carroll has...

SWA RESOURCES TO IDENTIFY AND CONTROL GENDER-BASED VIOLENCE IN CONSTRUCTION

Posted on 15 April 2026

Safe Work Australia has launched a new suite of resources focused on managing the risks of gender-based violence in the construction industry.

ASK RENATA

Posted on 15 April 2026

Hi Renata – can we use noise cancelling headphones in place of earmuffs as hearing protection? I feel noise cancelling headphones provide better protection from...

HYDRAULIC REPAIR COMPANY FINED AFTER CONCRETE BOOM PUMP COLLAPSE

Posted on 1 April 2026

Hydraulic Ram Overhaul Australia Pty Ltd (HROA)operates a hydraulic ram repair business and repairs hydraulic cylinders and components. HROA has been sentenced to a fine...

COMPANY FINED AFTER WORK EXPERIENCE STUDENT SUFFERS EXTENSIVE BURNS

Posted on 1 April 2026

Harnah Pty Ltd (trading as Hamilton Diesel Repairs and Spares - HDRS) has been sentenced to a fine of $30,000 after pleading guilty to failing...

TWO COMPANIES FINED FOR RAINWATER TANK DELIVERY EXCLUSION ZONE FAILURE

Posted on 1 April 2026

In July 2023 a woman was left with life-changing injuries after a rainwater tank being delivered to her Nelson property toppled onto her. This week...

BE PART OF THE CONVERSATION: JOIN THE WORKSAFE HSR HEALTHCARE NETWORK

Posted on 1 April 2026

Undertaking the HSR role can involve navigating issues sometimes with limited support. For HSRs in the healthcare sector, WorkSafe runs quarterly meetings to allow HSRs...

SAFETY ALERT: STOCKPILING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT OF PETROL

Posted on 1 April 2026

Despite repeated calls to not stockpile fuels, WorkSafe is aware of recent panic buying resulting in the unsafe transport and handling of petrol. This behaviour...

SAFETY ALERT: DO NOT ENTER A MOVING TRACTOR

Posted on 1 April 2026

Tractors are the most dangerous piece of farm equipment. Every year workers are killed, and many more seriously injured, from incidents involving tractors. Two recent...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 1 April 2026

Hi Renata – Our employer is installing security cameras in work areas. Given our site layout, cameras for the purpose of security should only be...

CLOSE THE HEALTH AND SAFETY GAPS FOR OFFSHORE WORKERS

Posted on 1 April 2026

Australian Unions have launched their campaign to close the health and safety gaps for offshore workers and seafarers. Not only are these workers exposed to...

35,000 AEU MEMBERS STRIKE FOR FIRST TIME IN 13 YEARS

Posted on 26 March 2026

On Tuesday, over 35,000 Australian Education Union (AEU) members stopped work, rallying in the city to demand better pay and conditions from the Victorian Government....

BIENNIAL CONFERENCE ON WORKPLACE BULLYING AND HARASSMENT

Posted on 18 March 2026

The International Association on Workplace Bullying and Harassment (IAWBH) Local Organising committee invites you to join them in the ACT on June 2 – 5...

INATTENTIVE EMPLOYER FINED $30K AFTER HOT-WORK FIRE SERIOUSLY INJURES WORKER

Posted on 18 March 2026

RLA Polymers Pty Ltd (RLA) is a manufacturer of adhesive products used in the building industry and regularly handles dangerous goods at its Kilsyth workplace....

GUILLOTINE GUARDING FAILURE LEADS TO SERIOUS INJURY AND $30K FINE

Posted on 18 March 2026

Print Logistics (Aust) Pty Ltd has been fined $30,000 after an employee was seriously injured by an unguarded guillotine.

ASK RENATA

Posted on 18 March 2026

Hi Renata – Our employer has recently introduced new work processes into our workplace with no consultation. Our employer said that a ‘feedback email’ was...

AMWU VICTORIA - WELDING FUME EXPOSURE REGISTER

Posted on 18 March 2026

Thousands of workers across the country – like fitters, welders and boilermakers – weld every day and are exposed to carcinogenic welding fumes. Workers who...

ILO REPORT – GENERATIVE AI AND GENDER INEQUALITY

Posted on 18 March 2026

As generative artificial intelligence (AI) is transforming workplaces across the globe and reshaping tasks in many occupations, it must be noted that its effects are...

SAFETY ALERT: ASBESTOS REGISTERS

Posted on 18 March 2026

Following the observation by WorkSafe inspectors of employees in a number of workplaces unknowingly disturbing and spreading friable asbestos, WorkSafe has issued a Safety Alert...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 18 March 2026

Hi Renata – a member of my DWG stores their insulin in a communal work refrigerator. An unknown person removed the medication from the refrigerator...

ACTU URGES WHS MINISTERS TO ADOPT STRICTER CHEMICAL EXPOSURE LIMITS

Posted on 18 March 2026

On 1 December this year most jurisdictions in Australia will transition to the Workplace exposure limits for airborne contaminants (WEL list). The changes include 177...

TEACHERS TO STRIKE FOR FIRST TIME IN 12 YEARS

Posted on 18 March 2026

Teachers, principals, and support staff at 1600 Victorian government schools will walk off the job next Tuesday after the state government failed to make a...

WELDING FUME RISKS EXACERBATED BY COVID INFECTION HISTORY

Posted on 11 March 2026

Swedish researchers have studied whether the known respiratory risks of welding fumes become even more pronounced among workers who have been exposed to COVID –...

ENFORCEABLE UNDERTAKING AFTER KEW RECREATION CENTRE ROOF COLLAPSE

Posted on 11 March 2026

The ADCO Group has entered into an Enforceable Undertaking to the value of approximately $850,000 following the collapse of a steel roof structure during the...

LEMITECH FINED $325K FOR CONVEYOR BELT FATALITY

Posted on 11 March 2026

A fatality at a Lethbridge poultry rearing farm has resulted in a fine of just $325,000 for Lemitech Pty Ltd. Although Lemitech had management and...

AGED CARE PROVIDER FINED $150K FOR COVID TRAINING FAILURE

Posted on 11 March 2026

St Basil’s Homes for the Aged in Victoria, where 50 residents tragically passed away in the early months of the pandemic, has been sentenced to...

NHVR – NATIONWIDE FATIGUE INTIATIVE FOR TRUCK DRIVERS

Posted on 11 March 2026

The National Heavy Vehicle Regulator (NHVR) is launching a nationwide operation to tackle fatigue, following nearly 5,000 fatigue-related breaches detected last year, with drivers being...

CONSULTATION OPEN FOR NATIONAL HYDROGEN REGULATORY GUIDEBOOKS: PIPELINES

Posted on 11 March 2026

The National Hydrogen Regulatory Guidebook: Pipelines was released for public consultation Monday 2 March. Consistent with the recent internal government consultation process, the Department of...

REGISTER YOUR INTEREST – DANGEROUS GOODS STRATEGIC INSPECTIONS FORUM

Posted on 11 March 2026

WorkSafe has announced an opportunity for anyone involved in the Dangerous Goods industry to attend the next Dangerous Goods Strategic Inspections (DGSI) Forum.

SWA NEW CODE OF PRACTICE: MANAGING THE RISKS OF BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS AT WORK

Posted on 11 March 2026

Safe Work Australia (SWA) has released its newly approved model Code of Practice: Managing the risks of biological hazards at work. Much of the feedback...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 11 March 2026

Hi Renata – Last week we had a serious near miss incident involving chemicals that were incorrectly labelled. Had the incident played out it had...

CARNIVAL CRUISE DENIES ACCESS TO SAFE WORK NSW INSPECTOR

Posted on 11 March 2026

On Monday officers of the Maritime Union of Australia (MUA) attempted again to exercise their right of entry under s.121 of the NSW WHS Act...

GENDER EQUITY REPORT SHOWS LESS THAN 14% OF EMPLOYERS HAVE A PAY GAP ACTION PLAN

Posted on 4 March 2026

The federal government’s Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA) published its Employer Gender Pay Gaps Report on Tuesday, containing the combined results of annual reports from...

BULLY SENTENCED FOR SAFETY BREACHES

Posted on 4 March 2026

A qualified joiner employed by a window and door manufacturer has been prosecuted and sentenced for their actions in bullying a vulnerable young worker. We...

SWA INVITES FEEDBACK ON ASBESTOS FRAMEWORK

Posted on 4 March 2026

Safe Work Australia is inviting feedback on the Asbestos Framework Review, which is examining how the model WHS framework can be strengthened to better control...

WORKSAFE AWARDS CELEBRATE HEALTH AND SAFETY WINNERS

Posted on 4 March 2026

Last week’s WorkSafe Awards recognised some truly inspiring champions of excellence in workplace health and safety and return to work practices, including the 2025 HSR...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 4 March 2026

Hi Renata – a DWG member has asked me to support them in a meeting with HR. They had reported that another worker was bullying...

EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATORS STOP-WORK FOR BETTER CONDITIONS

Posted on 4 March 2026

After more than 18 months of stalled negotiations for better pay and urgent measures to address unsustainable workloads, early childhood educators (ECEs) last week took...

CARNIVAL LOCKS GATES TO PREVENT MUA'S LEGAL RIGHT OF ENTRY

Posted on 25 February 2026

The MUA was last week denied entry to a Carnival Cruise vessel, the Carnival Adventure, whilst docked at Sydney’s Circular Quay. The MUA reports that...

WORKSAFE OFFERS FREE MANUAL HANDLING WORKSHOPS

Posted on 25 February 2026

Hazardous manual handling is the biggest cause of workplace injuries in Victoria, with WorkSafe accepting 48,355 injury claims since 2021. More than 60 per cent...

SAFETY ALERTS FOLLOWING FARM FATALITIES

Posted on 25 February 2026

WorkSafe has issued multiple Safety Alerts for the agricultural industry in the wake of a shocking run of farm deaths. Of the five confirmed workplace...

SWA AMENDMENTS ADDRESS ACCESS TO PERIOD PRODUCTS

Posted on 25 February 2026

Safe Work Australia (SWA) has amended the national model WHS Code of Practice for managing the work environment and facilities to outline the expectations on...

NSW PASSES DIGITAL WORK SYSTEMS ACT 2026

Posted on 25 February 2026

In an Australian first, the NSW Parliament has passed legislation to clarify employer duties to address risks that present when using digital systems (defined as...

ASK RENATA

Posted on 25 February 2026

Hi Renata – What documentation does my employer need to provide when they say they have fixed a safety issue? My employer has provided a...